Lecture 2 (PH)

عدد الخيارات في هذه العجلة: 129

  • Important to many consumers but are unable to experience them and must rely on the statement of others.
  • These are important to many consumers, but they are unable to experience them and must rely on the statements of others.
  • Consumers use ________which they can recognize at and around product such as properties which can be observed, packaging and the information on it, retail outlets, or through media.
  • Three Classes of Variables of Eating Research
  • Food Variables
  • People Variables
  • Environmental Variables
  • Depends not only on the attributes, but also on people factors.
  • It is treated as perceptual/evaluative construct, a phenomenological experience, best categorized as a feeling, emotion, or mood with a defining pleasant or unpleasant character.
  • Ways to Measure Acceptance
  • For assessment of acceptance, knowledge of the product variables, personal variables, the situational variables, and even outcome of the trade-offs between perceived quality and perceived price has been reached
  • Assessment of acceptance is based to an experience, gained directly from the sensory interaction between consumer and product characterized by a positive attitude toward the food.
  • Used when a phenomenological (qualitative) approach prevails
  • Often measure the subjective responses of a consumer sample to the sensory properties of a product
  • Allows for project readjustment..
  • comprises of 10-12 persons selected on the basis of product usage and socio-demographics, and they participate in two or three sessions, each for one to two hours.
  • In a Focus Group, persons are selected based on what?
  • If a group meets on a regular basis, it is called what?
  • If additional (or sensitive) information is sought from each individual, it is called what/
  • A research method that relies on numeric data to prove insights about a parameter.
  • Two approaches to quantitative consumer acceptance testing
  • Usually designed to measure the appeal of one food or food product over another.
  • The panelists receive two coded samples, and their task is to answer the question:
  • If a preference decision is not given, what should you do?
  • Special cases of preference testing are:
  • These tests are less frequently used with fruit and vegetables
  • Preference test can be defined in three ways:
  • A research method that relies on numeric data to prove insights about a parameter.
  • It can be performed using only one sample, but usually 10 or 12 samples are tested.
  • The central question for acceptance testing
  • ) questions are used where respondents have to rate whether the level of sensory is “too low”, “just right”, or “too high”
  • Necessity of Acceptance Testing
  • Most Common Family of Fruits
  • Develop from different parts of the ovary, the seed-bearing structure in plants.
  • Cultivated primarily in the subtropic and temperate regions.
  • Unripened fruits are tart and ripened fruits are generally sweet with varying degrees of acid content.
  • Examples of Rosacaeae
  • Examples of Rutaceae
  • Citrus fruits can be stored in a cool and dry place. For longer shelf life they can be stored between 2 to 10 degree Celsius in well ventilated bags
  • Rich in anthocyanins, have strong antioxidant property, and are considered as functional foods.
  • Moderately acidic and not very sweet.
  • Very fragile and does not store very well for long periods.
  • Examples of Ericaceae
  • Known as Family of Grapes
  • What are the three major species of grapes?
  • Commonly used for wine making, fresh consumption, or producing raisins.
  • Also known as Allium Vegetables
  • Varieties of Grapes
  • Characteristic feature is its pungency
  • Yellow Onion has a shelf life of ________ in cool dry place.
  • Red onion has only ______________ shelf life in cool and dry place
  • It must not be stored along with potatoes.
  • It can last up to 6 months if stored at around 0C and relative humidity <60%
  • Also known as Crucifer Vegetables
  • Examples of Cruciferae
  • It can be stored for 7-10 days unwashed in perforated plastics at around 4C.
  • It is highly perishable and deteriorates rapidly even at low temperatures within day
  • They are tuberous vegetables whose seeds are also valuable food sources.
  • Examples of Umbellaceae
  • Do not store _______ near fruits as it may cause bitter taste.
  • ___________ leaves have a shelf life of 1-2 weeks in the refrigerator.
  • Also known as Cucurbits
  • Examples of Cucurbitaceae
  • Also known as Solanaceous Vegetables.\
  • Associated with poisonous alkaloids.
  • Also known as Compositae Vegetables.
  • Includes leafy vegetables such as Artichoke, and Lettuce
  • Also known as Legume Vegetables.
  • They are seed bearing pods and are excellent sources of carbohydrates and protein.
  • Examples of Fabaceae
  • They store starch.
  • Examples of Tubers
  • What are the different nutrient components
  • The most abundant single component of fresh fruits and vegetables.
  • Leafy vegetables is _____ water in mass.
  • The second most abundant constituent in in fruits and vegetables.
  • These are the most abundant sugar in fruits.
  • Non-digestible carbohydrates and lignin in plants.
  • One of its best known benefits is its modulation of the intestinal functio
  • Fruits and Vegetables contributes around ____________of the fiber in the food supply
  • Dietary fiber comprises ______________ of fruits and vegetables on fresh weight basis.
  • Represent <1% of fresh mass of fruits and vegetables.
  • Legumes contain __________ protein
  • ____________ of nitrogen occurs as free amino acids
  • Most fruits have <1% lipid, except for _______________, _____________, and ___________ whose dry mass is ____________ fat.
  • __________, ___________, _____________, and ____________ are good sources of phytosterols
  • Divided in aliphatic (straight chain) and Aromatic Acids.
  • ___________, _____________, and _____________ are aliphatic and are the most abundant acids in fruits and vegetables.
  • _____________ Acids are found in cranberries
  • ________________ Acid in Banana and Kiwi
  • ________________ Acid in Potato and Eggplant.
  • It plays important role in fruit taste.
  • Product that has highest fiber content
  • These are required in trace amounts for normal development that cannot be synthesized in sufficient quantities by an organism and must be obtained from diet.
  • First vitamin discovered
  • Different types of Vitamins
  • Also known as carotenoids
  • Carotenois are the liposoluble pigments responsible for _________________ colors of several fruits and vegetables
  • Plays a crucial role in vision, cell division and differentiation, bone development, and reproduction.
  • Also known as Ascorbic Acid, is water soluble, carbohydrate-derived compound with antioxidant and acidic properties
  • Humans cannot synthesize this vitamin
  • These are the main dietary sources of Vitamin C
  • ______________________ is abundant in oily seeds, olives, nuts, peanuts, avocados, and almonds.
  • ____________ deficiency stunts growth
  • These are better source of Vitamin E.
  • It promotes the absorption and use of calcium and phosphate, and occurs only in trace amounts in fruits and vegetables.
  • It is essential for blood coagulation.
  • It and is abundant in spinach, cauliflower, and cabbage
  • Highest Carotene Concetration
  • Highest Vitamin C concentration
  • It is defined as the Total Ash Content.
  • 11 MINERALS FOUND IN FRUITS AND VEGETABLES
  • Factors Influencing Mineral Content
  • What are the preharvest factors?
  • It is postharvest treatment can increase storage life and quality of some fruits and vegetables.
  • These are compounds that prevent uncontrolled cellular oxidation, and are present in all plant organs.
  • These are partially reduced forms of oxygen that can cause deleterious modifications in proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids by altering normal metabolism in living organisms.
  • Different Types of antioxidants
  • One of the most important compounds for human nutrition
  • Has the capacity to neutralize ROS
  • They reduce LDL cholesterol oxidation protecting against cerebral infraction, acute coronary events, and stroke.
  • These are the most studied carotenoids.
  • Are fat-soluble compounds with Vitamin E activity
  • They have hydroxyl group that donates hydrogen to reduce ROS
  • They contribute in fruit pigmentation and act as predator deterrents and anti microbials
  • They contribute to astringency and impart bitter taste
  • Various compounds commonly found in fruits and vegetables, and plant products like wine, tea, and chocolate.
  • They are rich in antioxidant activity that helps regulate cellular activity and fight off ROS
  • Factors Affecting the Levels of Antioxidants in Fruits