LECTURE 3 (PH)

O que tem nesta roleta (41 opções)

Regulations that directly and indirectly impact horticultural sector
They are basically beyond the control of a given supply chain.
In an era of cheap transport, it is possible to air and sea freight produce across the world
Viability and possibility of a supply chain depends on national infrastructures available for use
It is influenced by cost of harvest labor which is regulated by a government imposed minimum labor cost.
Changes in government policy relevant to labor market or immigration thus have rapid impact on horticultural operations, both pre and post harves
It requires a point of differentiation for the produc
It is a tool that enforce differentiation.
Influences investment activity, thus can influence horticultural supply chains.
It is the tax put in place depending on the carbon emissions tagged to certain industries
What are the Attempts to Regulate a Fresh Produce Sector
Includes enforcement of product identity and content labeling.
It allows enforcement of contracts between buyers and sellers.
Increasing requirement for traceability, from broad level of labeling country of origin to the specific level of traceability of every lot from orchard to retail outlet
Typically entomological and microbiological.
In responding to quarantine regulations, fruits may be subjected to treatments with potential impact on shelf-life
Typically heavy metal and organic chemical residues and microbiological contamination.
Typically there must be records of chemical usage and practices taken that are amenable to inspection.
Use of geographic names in labeling is regulated
Consumers identify specific product qualities by region and retailers may label product with locality and even identity of the farme
Retailers set product specification in terms of aesthetic issues.
Also includes national standards for grades define size, and the color typical to a particular variety as well as presence of blemishes or malformation.
It acts in the field of regulation related to free trade.
Support programs that stimulate production directly and policies that advances domestic productions over imports.
They were required to estimate the annual value of agricultural production support.
Programs not Considered to have a direct effect on production:
They should have no import restriction on, and production support for horticultural produce.
The major barriers to trade are
To resolve trade disputes, WTO provides a ____________ for independent arbitration.
Governments may negotiate trade agreements outside of the general WTO framework.
Typically involves a compromise between the parties, with reduction in regulatory and tariff barriers in various commodity classes.
It was created in 1936 by FAO, WHO, and other bodies to develop food standards, guidelines, and codes of practice, with aim of protecting the health of consumers, ensuring fair trade practices in the food trade and promoting coordination of work on food standards.
Acts as an aid to WTO, allowing for minimalization of the negative effects of technical regulations on international trade.
Guidance on labeling and import/export inspection and certification systems, and offers advice on food safety management systems
It was established in 1947 and includes countries of North America, Europe, and Russia
It reports to the United Nations Economic and Social Council.
It s part of the working party on Agricultural Quality Standards.
It is a group of 34 countries committed to democracy and market economy which acts to facilitate international trade through harmonization, implementation, and interpretation of marketing standards.
This claims to be the main reference for the certification and standardization of certain agricultural commodities.
It promotes uniform quality assurance and inspection systems .
Every Country should maintain standards on the quality of traded horticultural produce. The standards should be, at minimum, those of the Codex Alimentarius, and are likely to be informed by the OECDUNECE standards.