OBJCS HUBS

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• utline the function of selected sensory receptors in skin
• Understand how skin blood flow can be controlled
• Describe the structure and function of eccrine sweat glands and their role in thermoregulation
• Understand basic mechanisms of heat transfer
• Understand ‘core body temperature’ and how this is monitored
• Explain mechanisms for heat loss and heat conservation/ generation
• Be aware of the physiological consequences of severe burns
• Describe the general organisation of the cardiovascular system
• Orientate the heart within the thorax
• Describe the chambered structure of the heart and relate this to the pumping action of the organ
• Understand the layers of the heart wall
• Describe the heart valves & relate this to the flow of blood through the heart chambers
• Identify the vessels of the cardiac circulation
• Compare and contrast the structural features of cardiac muscle with that of skeletal muscle
• Compare the structure and function of cardiac muscle and conduction cells
• Name the major arteries and veins (from the heart to the foot and back to the heart)
• Describe the layered structure of blood vessels
• Compare the structures of arteries (supply) with that of veins (drainage)
• Describe the structure of blood capillaries and contrast it with that of arteries and veins
• Describe, giving examples, the 3 different types of blood capillaries
• Name the major components of the lymph vascular system
• Describe the structure of lymph capillaries
• Understand the basic design of the cardiovascular system and why the heart is two pumps 'in series'
• Briefly describe the cellular basis of contraction and relaxation
• Define the cardiac cycle and identify its main phases, defining terms "systole" and "diastole"
• Identify key aspects of the blood pressure wave
• State the main differences between contractile and electrical cells of the heart
• Describe the conduction pathway of the heart
• Know the key parts of the ECG trace
• Describe the electrical and mechanical events that occur in the heart during the cardiac cycle
• Define Cardiac output and identify its two major determinants
• Understand how cardiac output can affect arterial blood pressure
• Understand how the arterial and nervous systems communicate to maintain blood pressure
• Understand "the distribution of cardiac output" (where it goes)
• Understand how blood flow is controlled
• Define vascular compliance and contrast compliances between arteries and veins
• Understand how venous valves and tissue tone counteract venous pooling
• Describe Starling's law of the heart and how it relates to venous return
• Describe in general terms the three key functions of the blood and its major component
• Understand the functions of the blood stem cells (hemocytoblasts) and how they contribute to the blood cell formation
• Describe the role of erythropoietin in the production of red blood cells
• Describe the structures of the respiraoty system and state their functions
• Describe the structures of the upper respiratory tract
• Describe the epithelia of the upper respiratory tract
• Describe the structures of the lower respiratory tract
• Describe how the structure of the lower respiratory tract varies along its length
• Describe the anatomical features of the lungs
• Describe the structure of the alveoli where gas exchange occurs, including the structure of the alveolar wall and the gas exchange barrier
• Describe the key anatomical features of the thoracic cavity, including the joints, muscles and pleural membranes
• Explain the relationship between pressure and volume fr gas and how this related to breathing.
• Describe how the anatomical features facilitate changes of the volume of the thorax
• Describe the anatomical mechanism of breathing
• Use Boyles law to describe how we can inhale and exhale
• Describe the two opposing forces that must be overcome to take a breath
• Identify the volumes and capacities on a spirometry trace
• Define the terms respiratory minute volume, dead space, and alveolar ventilation
• Describe the three key factors that determine diffusion rate across the blood air barrier
• Identify the three determinants of alveolar oxygen pressure
• Describe how oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported in the blood
• Describe a haemoglobin binding curve and explain why its shape helps to deliver oxygen to the tissues that need it most
• Identify four mechanisms by which respiratory function is controlled
• Discuss the role of epithelium in the gut tube
• Describe the 'essential' 4-layered structure of the tubular portion of the GI tract
• Describe the key structural features of the mouth, salivary glands and oesophagus that are important in their function
• Describe the location and key gross anatomical structures of the stomach
• Describe structural (gross and histological) features of the stomach that are important in storage and mechanical and chemical digestion
• Describe the specialisation of the pancreas that are important in secretion
• Describe how the small intestine is arranged in the abdominopelvic cavity
• Describe the structural specialisations of the wall of the small intestine and their role in digestion and absorption
• Describe the location of the large intestine, the rectum, and the anal canal
• Describe the distinct gross anatomical features that distinguish the large from the small intestine
• Describe how the mucosa of the large intestine differs from that of the small intestine and anus
• Describe the structure of the liver and the unique arrangement of its blood supply
• Explain why regulation in the GI system regulates the luminal composition
• Describe the role of the enteric nervous system and central nervous system in regulation of GI function
• List the critical hormones involved in GI function
• List the composition and describe the functions and regulation of the following secretion: - Salivary - Gastric - Pancreatic - Biliary (Liver, but also involves the gallbladder) - Intestinal
• Describe the major nutrients in our food
• Describe the changes in chemical composition of food following chemical digestion
• Describe the process of chemical digestion of carbs, proteins, and fats
• Describe the general principles of absorption
• Identify and describe the site of absorption
• Describe the mechanisms of the absorption of • Water • Sodium (Na+) • Products of digestion of the main nutrients o Sugars o Proteins o Lipids (fats) o Vitamins
• Identify the major parts of the urinary system
• Describe the position and orientation of the kidneys
• Describe the internal gross structure of the kidneys
• Briefly describe the blood and nerve supplies to the kidneys
• Describe the nephron and identify its component parts, including Glomerular capsule and the renal tubular system
• Describe the renal corpuscle and the collecting ducts
• Describe the blood-urine barrier/filtration barrier
• Describe the histological structure of the nephron
• Describe the vascular arrangements associated with the nephron
• Describe the structure and function of the ureters, the urinary bladder, and the urethra
• Identify layers of ureters and bladder wall, including epithelial tissue
• Compare the anatomy of the urinary system and adjacent structures in the male and the female
• Describe the major functions of the kidney, including: • Endocrine functions • Metabolic function • Regulation of pH • Water and ion homeostasis • Reabsorption of nutrients • Excretion of waste products
• Describe and calculate the volumes and composition of the fluid compartments of the human body
• Explain the three basic functions of the nephron: filtration, secretion, and reabsorption
• Explain how the three basic functions of the nephron determine how much of a given compound is excrete into the urine
• Describe the major functions of each part of the nephron
• Explain the process of glomerular filtration and its driving forces
• Describe the relationship between renal blood flow (RBF), renal plasma flow (RPF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
• Explain the concept of clearance and calculate the clearance of a given compound
• Describe and calculate the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
• Describe and calculate the filtered load of a given compound
• Describe where, how and to what extent water and sodium are reabsorbed in the different parts of the nephron
• Explain the role of the kidney and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in the regulation of blood (ECF) osmolarity
• Explain the role of the kidney, aldosterone and ANP in the regulation of blood (ECF) volume
• Describe the composition of normal and pathological urine
• Define the regions of the pelvis and the differences between male and female
• Define the perineum and its subdivisions
• Describe the anatomy of the male reproductive tract including the testis, epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory ducts and urethra
• Describe the path of sperm along the male reproductive tract
• Describe the anatomy of the supporting structures - penis, scrotum (including spermatic cords)
• Describe the accessory reproductive glands - seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands
• Describe spermatogenesis, including its hormonal control
• Describe the female perineum and the constituents of the vulva
• Describe the anatomy of the uterus and the associated tract - uterine tube; uterine cavity; cervix and vagina
• Describe the location and structure of the female gonad (the ovary)
• Describe the structural arrangement of the female reproductive ligaments
• Describe the structures of the breasts
• Describe oogenesis
• Describe the major female reproductive hormones
• Describe the ovarian/menstrual (endometrial) cycles
• Define menarche and menopause